La Dermatite Seborroica: cause, terapie e consigli utili
La dermatite seborroica (DS) è una condizione cronico recidivante che si stima essere presente in circa il 3-10% della popolazione mondiale e che interessa prevalentemente le aree ricche di ghiandole sebacee, in particolare il cuoio capelluto (soprattutto nella parte anteriore in corrispondenza dell’attaccatura dei capelli) ma anche le sopracciglia, la barba, la parte posteriore delle orecchie, il condotto uditivo e il torace.
Interessa principalmente i maschi tra i 30 e i 40 anni di età e si caratterizza per la presenza di chiazze rossastre dai limiti poco netti, ricoperte da squame untuose e giallastre che provocano spesso prurito e bruciore.
Una manifestazione precoce della DS è la crosta lattea che interessa circa il 70% dei neonati nei primi 3 mesi di vita, tuttavia la DS propriamente detta si manifesta a partire dalla pubertà , quando aumenta la produzione di ormoni sessuali, i quali stimolano la ghiandola sebacea, che ne è target sensibilissimo.
Non basta tuttavia che vi sia un aumento della produzione di sebo (seborrea) per determinare la DS, sono infatti coinvolte anche alterazioni della composizione del sebo stesso e fenomeni infiammatori cutanei, oltre che un elevato aumento del turn over cellulare cutaneo.
Nonostante l’enorme diffusione del problema, le cause della DS non sono del tutto chiarite; sono certamente coinvolti i seguenti fattori predisponenti o aggravanti:
· Presenza di Malassezia, un fungo che è costantemente isolato nello scalpo dei soggetti con DS e che può modulare la secrezione della ghiandola sebacea ma anche l’infiammazione cutanea, agendo su alcune pro-citochine prodotte dai cheratinociti
· Carenza delle Vitamine del gruppo B (in particolare B6 e B8) e di Vitamina D
· Aumento dell’alcalinità della pelle (ad esempio per aumentata sudorazione)
· Alterazione del SI come immunodeficienza, patologie croniche cardiache o neurologiche, abuso di alcool, alterazioni ormonali
· Alimentazione sbilanciata in zuccheri raffinati e latticini
· Stress
La DS è una patologia cronica, che recidiva in concomitanza solitamente del cambio di stagione o in periodi di maggiore stress psico-fisico del. E’ possibile ridurre la frequenza delle riacutizzazioni e l’entità delle stesse, in modo da aumentare la QdV del paziente, spesso minata dalla presenza delle manifestazioni cliniche, socialmente molto limitanti.
Le comuni terapie si basano su somministrazioni topiche di antifungini come il Ketoconazolo o l’Imidazolo, il ciclopirox, il bifonazolo e preparati a base di zolfo e selenio. Per ridurre la fase infiammatoria in acuto spesso viene prescritto uno steroide topico.
E’ importante che il paziente affetto da DS osservi alcune abitudini di vita, le quali, al dì la dei farmaci, sono molto utili a ridurre le manifestazioni della malattia.
· Una corretta detersione, ovvero evitare di lavarsi troppo spesso i capelli e con shampoo aggressivi, in quanto si determinerà un eccessivo stress del cuoio capelluto, che rereagirà producendo ulteriore sebo, aggravando così la condizione
· Utilizzo controllato di scrub a base, ad esempio, di acido salicilico
· Integrazione orale specifiche a base di Zinco, fermenti lattici e vitamine del gruppo B
· Esposizione controllata al sole e all’acqua di mare durante la stagione estiva
· Dedicarsi ad attività che riducano la quota di stress psicofisico (sport, yoga, meditazione…)
La DS è una condizione che va diagnosticata dal medico dermatologo o tricologo il quale è in grado di porla in diagnosi differenziale con altri quadri (Psoriasi, Eczema atopico, Dermatite da Contatto e Tinea Capitis) e di impostare una corretta terapia.
Bibliografia:
· Clinical Evidence, Seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp Luigi Naldi and Janouk Diphoorn
· Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis Enembe O Okokon, Jos H Verbeek, Jani H Ruotsalainen, Olumuyiwa A Ojo, Victor Nyange Bakhoya. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 29; (4): CD008138
· Cutaneous fungal microbiome: Malassezia yeasts in seborrheic dermatitis scalp in randomized comparative and therapeutic trial C. S. L. Kamamoto, A. S. Nishikaku, O. F. Gompertz, A. S. Melo, K. M. Hassun, E. Bagatin Dermatoendocrinol. 2017; 9(1): e1361573.
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